What is booting? Explain about computer booting process
1. Power-On Self-Test (POST):
Ø When you press the power button, the
computer’s hardware components (CPU, RAM, storage devices, etc.) undergo a
self-test known as POST.
Ø POST checks if all essential hardware
components are functioning correctly. It verifies basic functionality like
checking the CPU, RAM, and motherboard components.
Ø If the POST completes successfully, the
computer emits a single beep (on desktops with a speaker) or displays a message
indicating that the hardware is functioning correctly.
2.BIOS or UEFI
Initialization:
Ø After passing the POST, the BIOS (Basic
Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) firmware
takes over.
Ø The BIOS/UEFI initializes essential hardware
components based on configuration settings stored in its memory.
Ø It performs tasks like initializing and
testing the system’s hardware, loading the necessary drivers for peripherals,
and setting up the memory and CPU.
2. Loading the Bootloader:
Ø Once hardware initialization is complete, the
BIOS/UEFI firmware looks for the bootloader program.
Ø The bootloader is typically stored in a
specific location on the storage device (such as the Master Boot Record for
BIOS or EFI system partition for UEFI).
Ø The bootloader’s job is to load the operating
system into memory and initiate its execution.
3. Operating System Loading:
Ø After locating the bootloader, it loads the
operating system kernel and essential system files into memory.
Ø The operating system kernel initializes
further system components, such as drivers for hardware peripherals and
services required for the OS to function properly.
Ø Once loaded, the operating system presents the
user with a login screen or desktop environment, depending on the setup and
user preferences.
5. User
Interaction: Finally, the
computer is ready for user interaction. Users can log in, launch applications,
and perform tasks using the operating system and installed software.
6. Cold Boot vs. Warm Boot:
Ø A cold boot refers to starting the computer
from a powered-off state.
Ø A warm boot (or restart) involves rebooting
the computer without turning it off completely. This process skips the initial
POST and hardware initialization steps, directly reloading the bootloader and
operating system.
In summary, booting is the sequence of events that occur
when a computer is powered on or restarted, enabling it to load and execute the
operating system. Each stage in the booting process ensures that the hardware
is functioning correctly and prepares the system for user interaction and
application execution.
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